LINKERS

Addition

v    And

v    Not only ... but

v    Both ... and

v    Besides,

v    What is more

v    Furthermore

v    ... as well as...

v    ... too.

v    Also

v    Moreover.

 

Contrast (concession)

¯   Although

¯   ... but...

¯   However,

¯   In spite of this,

¯   Even though

¯   Even if ( E.g.: “We intended to go to Europe next summer, even if air fares go up.”)

¯   Whereas / while / meanwhile (E.g.”She had a lovely time at the party. Meanwhile / whereas / ..., I was studying at home.)

¯   Nevertheless...

¯   On the other hand...

¯   Yet.

¯   Still

¯   Though

¯   Even though

 

REASON

]          Because

]          As

]          Since (E.g.: “I stayed at home since it was very dangerous to go out.”)

]          ...due to

]          ...caused by

]          The reason for... was

]          So that

]          To

 

RESULT

F   ... the result of ...

F   As the result of...

F   So...

F   This means...

F   Therefore

F   That’s why

 

ATTITUDE

G  Obviously

G  Personally

G  Unfortunately

G  Fortunately

G  Apparently

G  Naturally

CONDITIONAL

J  Unless – If not

J  Suppose – imagine

J  Provided that *

J  As long as*

J  If

J  Whether

J  In case

 

* = If and only if = On condition that.

TIME

Before

h       Before*

h       Previously

h       Earlier

Same time

h       By the time

h       During + noun

h       Meanwhile (during the time between)

h       While ( introduces a clause)*

h       When *

h       As*

h       All the time

Later

h       As soon as*

h       Once *

h        After + clause*

h       Until *

h       Afterwards

h       Then

h       Later

Sequence

h       Firstly (before anything else)

h       At first (at the beginning)

h       Second (ly)

h       Lastly (= finally)

h       At last ( in the end)

Note:  * this cannot be followed by future, only by present or present perfect.

 

PLACE

Ø      Where

Ø      Besides (al lado, junto a)

 

MISCELLANEUS

c       ANYWAY

c       Anyhow

c       Well

c       In other words

c       By the way

c        As regards (en cuanto a)

c       For instance = for example

c       In fact